RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 How Risk–Return Efficient Are Target Risk Strategies? JF The Journal of Index Investing FD Institutional Investor Journals SP 33 OP 42 DO 10.3905/jii.2014.4.4.033 VO 4 IS 4 A1 Roland Füss A1 Markus Grabellus A1 Ferdinand Mager A1 Jan-Carl Plagge YR 2014 UL https://pm-research.com/content/4/4/33.abstract AB We empirically analyze the properties of target risk strategies compared with pure index investments. We also study them in the context of popular alternative strategies such as minimum-variance and equally weighted portfolios. We document a strong (out)performance. For our sample period of about 20 years, capitalization-weighted index returns can be systematically achieved at a lower variance. However, there is a trade-off between leveraging that potentially creates higher returns and the volatility loss due to leverage that leads to an optimal risk level.TOPICS: Mutual funds/passive investing/indexing, portfolio construction, style investing